Like in the United States, European protests against the war in Vietnam often came about not through conventional channels but through new organizations dedicated to this purpose. In Great Britain Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) believed that the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament established in 1958 was not doing enough and in 1960 founded the Committee of 100, which used non-violent civil disobedience and direct action to achieve peace. In 1963 the body was divided into regional and in some cases more radical committees.